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 Word Building
Word Building

Word formation 260

Present-day English has four main processes of word formation: prefixation, suffixation, conversion and compounding.

Prefixation

Prefixation involves adding a prefix to a base or stem:

antenatal, anteroom

decriminalise, deform

post-1945, postgraduate

pro-life, pro-Europe

untidy, unhappiness, unusual, undemocratic

Suffixation

Suffixation involves adding a suffix to a base or stem:

ageism, terrorism

kingdom, freedom

identify

reasonable, unprofitable

unhappily, slowly

Conversion

Conversion involves the change of a word from one word class to another. For example, the verbs to screen and to fax are formed from the nouns screen and fax. The verb to narrow is formed from the adjective narrow; the noun love from the verb to love:

 The film is an absolute must for all lovers of Westerns.

(noun from verb)

 Can we microwave it?  

(verb from noun)

 Internet downloads can be expensive.

(noun from verb)

 They decided that they had to broaden his appeal.

(verb from adjective)

 

Less often, internal vowel change or one form replacing another (suppletion) may indicate a change in word class or sub-class.

Examples of change in word class through vowel change and suppletion

      hot    heat    adjective → noun        rise      raise      intransitive verb → transitive verb (change in sub-class)          deep      depth      adjective → noun (plus suffix; similarly wide → width        mouth    oral    noun → adjective (suppletion) 

 

Some words can change class by a shift in stress from one syllable to another. Typically, the stress is on the first syllable when the word is a noun and on the second syllable when the word is a verb, e.g. record (noun, with stress on the first syllable) becomes record (verb, with stress on the second syllable).

Compounding

Compounding involves linking together two or more bases to create a new word. Normally, the first item identifies a key feature of the second word. For example, the two bases head and ache can combine to form the compound word headache:

award-winning

helpline

house-proud

input

long-running

postcard

               266 Hyphenation

 

In addition to the main processes, English allows words to be formed by abbreviation (which includes clipping, acronyms and blends) ( 267a), and back-formation ( 267b).

(From Cambridge Grammar of English Practice Book CD Comp Guide)  


Пятница, 29.03.2024, 17:07
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